ТЕXT A: AGRICULTURE IN THE USA

Agriculture is one of the largest and most important branches of national economy in the United States. 47% of the land area of the USA is farmland, of which 152 million hectares are harvested cropland and 560 million hectares are permanent pasture land. The USA leads the world in many aspects of agricultural production. The country exports more farm products per year than any other nation in the world.

Leading agricultural crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, vegetables, fruits and nuts, greenhouse and nursery products, cotton and tobacco. The USA has been occupying the leading position in the production of corn and wheat for many years. Corn is a major crop in many parts of the United States, but most is produced in the Midwest, where it is the main feed for the cattle and hogs raised there. Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Indiana together produce about two-thirds of the annual U.S. corn crop.

Soybeans are grown primarily in the Midwest, especially in Iowa and Illinois, as well as in the Iower Mississipi Valley and other parts of the South. The Midwest is the most important agricultural region in the United States (though California is the number one state in terms of the value of its agricultural products) and alone produces almost twice as much as the American people can consume.

Wheat is another important U.S. crop. Kansas usually leads all states in early wheat production. North and South Dacota, Montana, Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas, Minnesota, and Nebraska also are major wheat producers.

Cotton growing is now concentrated in the lower Mississipi Valley, the plains of Texas, and the valleys of California and Arizona. Tobacco remains an important cash crop. The leading tobacco-producing states are North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky.

Other leading crops include peanuts, sugarcane, rice, sorghum; such vegetables as tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, cabbage, beans, carrots, celery, cucumbers, lettuce, onions, green peppers, cantaloupes, and watermelon. California grows nearly one-half of the nation’s fresh vegetables; about two-thirds of the potatoes are grown in Idaho and Washington.

Valuable fruit crops grown in the USA are apples, pears, cherries, plums and prunes, grapes, oranges, peaches, pineapples and strawberries. More than three-quarters of the oranges are produced in Florida; about five-sixths of the grapes are raised in California; and about half of the commercial apples come from orchards in Washington. Pineapples are mainly grown in Hawaii.

Major nut crops include almonds, pecans, peanuts, and walnuts.

Livestock-farming is also carried out on a large scale.

Beef cattle are the most valuable product of the nation’s farms. Many of the cattle are raised on large ranches in southwestern states. Texas produces more beef cattle than any other state, and states such as Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Iowa also raise many cattle.

Dairy products are the second most valuable item coming from American farms. California, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota are leading dairy states. Hogs and broiler chickens are other major livestock raised on U.S. farms. In terms of market value, 68 percent of the hogs are produced in Iowa, North Carolina, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Indiana. Poultry farming is widespread in the country-side near all big cities.

Other major livestock and livestock products include chicken eggs, turkeys, sheep and lambs. Sheep farming is highly developed in the western regions of the country and in the prairies.

АУДИТОРНА РОБОТА

1. Перекладіть речення на українську мову та визначте функцію інфінітиву:

1. To explore that small island was the chief aim of our expedition.

2. The expedition is to explore that island in summer.

3. The chief aim of the expedition was to explore that island.

4. The expedition began to explore this island in spring.

5. These plants are to be found only in the south of our country.

6. They decided to discuss this question at the next meeting.

7. Here is the article to be discussed today.

8. This method is good enough to be used in our work.

2. Складіть речення з таких слів:

1. Speak, for, to, she, me, waits.

2. We, you, for, an, invitation, send, waited, to.

3. Him, a, doctor, see, for, to, was, thing, best, the.

4. To, taxi, for, a, take, them, necessary, it, is.

5. Will, it, dangerous, be, stay, here, to, for, us.

6. Is, he, back, in, come, certain, time, to.

3. Перефразуйте наступні речення за зразком:

e. g. You must help me. – I want you to help me.

1. You mustn’t talk to strangers.

I don’t want ______________.

2. Helen mustn’t go on holiday by herself.

I don’t want ______________.

3. He must visit his aunt.

I don’t want ______________.

4. They must do their homework now.

I don’t want ______________.

5. You mustn’t go to the parties at the weekend.

I don’t want ______________.

6. My parents don’t let me wear anything I want.

They don’t want ______________.

4. Доповніть речення, поставивши, де необхідно, частку to перед інфінітивом та займенники в о’бєктному відмінку:

1. The teacher made … (he/ to learn) the poem by heart.

2. I wanted … (they/ to work) here.

3. They expect … (we/ to answer) the letter at once.

4. You noticed … (she/ to approach) the river.

5. I heard … (he/ to read) it aloud.

6. His parents want … (he/ to become) an agronomist.

7. We watched … (they/ to play) in the yard.

8. You forced … (he/ to do) the exercise again.

9. I let … (she/ to leave) the room.

10.The rain … (we/ to go) home.

5. Складіть по п’ять речень з кожної таблиці:

6. Доповніть речення та перекладіть українською:

1. 47% of the land area of the USA is …, of which 152 million hectars are harvested … and 560 million hectares are … pasture land.

2. The USA … the world in many … of agricultural ….

3. Corn is a … crop in many parts of the United States, but most is produced in the ….

4. Soybeans are grown … in the Midwest, especially in … and …, as well as in the lower … Valley.

5. The Midwest is the … important agricultural region in the United States (though California is the number … state in terms of the value of its agricultural products) and alone … almost … as much as the American people can ….

6. … usually leads all states in … wheat production.

7. Livestock-farming is also … on a large scale.

8. Poultry farming is … in the country-… near all big cities.

7. Дайте відповіді на питання:

1. Agriculture is one of the largest and most important branches of national economy, isn’t it?

2. Does the USA lead the world in many aspects of agricultural production? What agricultural products does it export?

3. What are leading crops of the U.S.?

4. Where is corn grown in the USA?

5. What is the most important agricultural region in the USA?

6. Where are soybeans mainly grown?

7. What state is “the number one” in terms of the value of its agricultural products?

8. What states are major wheat producers?

9. Where is cotton grown?

10. What vegetables (fruits) are grown in the U.S.?

11. What nut crops are grown in the country?

12. What is the most valuable livestock product of the nation’s farms?

13. Where are hogs raised?

14. Where is poultry farming widespread in the country?

8.Складіть план до тексту “Agriculture in the United States of America” та напишіть до нього анотацію.

9. Складіть розповідь теми “Agriculture in the USA”, користуючись планом та анотацією до тексту.

САМОСТІЙНА РОБОТА

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть наступні речення з об’єктним інфінітивним комплексом. Зверніть увагу на вживання або відсутність частки to перед інфінітивом:

1. We expected her to return.

2. He allowed me to use his car.

3. I expect you to be on time.

4. The doctor told me to take these pills.

5. I want you to be happy.

6. I saw my friend run down the street.

7. I heard the rain fall on the roof.

8. I heard a famous opera star sing at the concert last night.

9. She watched the children play in the yard.

10. His parents intended him to go with them to the farm.

2. Поставте дієслова, що в дужках у формі інфінітиву (з часткою to чи без) та перекладіть речення українською мовою:

1. I am writing … (invite) you to my birthday party next Sunday.

2. Could I … (ask) you … (help) me with the preparations?

3. Please write back soon and let me … (know) if you can make it.

4. We had better … (hurry up) if we want to get there before dark.

5. I expect … (pass) the test.

6. I was advised … (buy) a flat.

7. We’re going out for dinner. Would you like … (join) us?

8. Fred didn’t have any money, so he decided …(find) a job.

9. We want him …(speak) about his experiments at the conference.

10.They don’t let me … (play) music loud.

11.My parents make me … (study) hard.

12.She advised me … (wait) a little.

3. Поставте дієслова у відповідній формі інфінітиву. Перекладіть речення українською:

1. This film turned out (show) … in our club last month.

2. He is expected (take part) … in the conference next week.

3. Pluto is known (discover) … in 1930.

4. We expect them (return) … in 2 days.

5. This question is likely (discuss) … tomorrow.

6. We know this phenomenon (explain) … by astronomers in the distant past.

4. Заповніть пропуски одним із дієслів, вживаючи його у відповідній формі інфінітиву:

help, climb, stand, open, post, stay, watch, take, make, wash, drive,buy

1. Bill went to the post office … some letters.

2. We must … the car today. It’s very dirty.

3. Let me … you with your homework.

4. I don’t know how … the windows in this room.

5. He’s too young … in the house alone.

6. They made her … the money out of the safe.

7. He wants … a mountain before he’s thirty.

8. I went to the florist’s … some flowers.

9. I’ve got enough butter … a cake.

10. It is dangerous … fast.

11. My parents don’t let me … TV late at night.

12. She wanted he … beside her and hold the umbrella.

5. Перефразуйте наступні складнопідрядні речення в прості, вживаючи Complex Subject (cуб’єктний інфінітивний зворот).Зверніть увагу на форму інфінітиву:

e.g. It is reported that the delegation arrived in Paris on the 10^th of September. – The delegation is reported to have arrived on the 10^th of September.

1. It is known that he works hard.

2. It is said that she has been teaching chemistry at our University for thirty years.

3. It seems that our students are working in the field.

4. It is believed that this house was built in the 19th century.

5. It is supposed that his article will be published next week.

6. It turned out that the translation was very difficult.

7. It was supposed that the weather would be fine in May.

6.Поставте дієслова, що в дужках у потрібній неособовій формі дієслова (інфінітиву чи герундія) та перекладіть речення українською мовою:

1. We decided (participate) in this conference.

2. Do you enjoy (play) football?

3. We expect (hear) from Ann soon.

4. Let’s postpone (leave) until tomorrow.

5. He wants (see) the manager.

6. I can’t help (worry) about it.

7. I managed (find) a taxi.

8. She suggested (go) to a movie.

9. They can’t afford (buy) this car.

10. They agreed (help) us.

7. Складіть свій діалог за зразком:

Діалог

A: Hello, my friend! This is a small world!

B: Hello! Never expected to meet you here. How are you?

A: No complaints. Thanks. How are you getting on?

B: I am doing fine. Thank you.

A: It’s a long time since I saw you last. Where have you been all this time?

B: I have just returned from a business trip to the USA.

A: Was it successful?

B: Yes, it was. We managed to conclude some profitable contracts. Besides, we had a chance of visiting very nice places in the USA.

A: What state have you been to?

B: I have been to California. It is a very beautiful state. The climate is mild and the scenery is wonderful.

A: I am flying to Texas one of these days. Could you tell me something about this state? It is always interesting to know some new facts about this country.

B: With pleasure. Texas is situated in the Southwest region and it is one of the biggest states of the USA. This is a very important agricultural area. It is the nation’s leading producer of cattle, sheep, cotton and rice. Texas is famous for its large ranches and cowboys; it produces more beef cattle than any other state. Texas is also rich in natural resources, especially in oil. Do you know what the nickname of Texas is?

A: Does every state in the USA have a nickname?

B: Yes, of course. The nickname of Texas is “Lone Star”.

A: Could you remind me what city is the capital of the state?

B: Sure. It is Austin. Do you know what is the abbreviation of Texas?

A: Yes, I do. It is “Tex.”

B: You are right. It is important to know if you are going to send a letter or a telegram to Texas.

A: Thank you for the information. It was a pleasure to talk with you. Good-bye!

B: My pleasure. Have a happy holiday!

Notes: nickname — прізвисько; to remind — нагадувати.

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