The Law Enforcement Activity: Four Eras in Policing

The law enforcement community is noteworthy for its openness to innovation. As a direct result of this openness to change, four distinct eras have emerged in policing over the last 50 years.

The professional era of policing began in the 1960s. The policing strategy was based largely on the three Rs: random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation. Unfortunately, the emphasis on response and an associated reliance on technology resulted in a model that included faceless cops chasing radio calls, which markedly increased detachment from the community.

In response, the community-policing model emerged in the 1990s and continues to this day. Community policing was noteworthy for its emphasis on addressing the underlying conditions that enable and foster crime and for shifting some decision-making responsibilities to line officers. Сommunity policing emphasizes problem solving that includes the public as an active, involved partner. Its adherents put value on the three Ps: partnership, problem solving, and prevention, with the most important being prevention.

The arrival of intelligence-led policing can be traced to a single event: the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. In the days after the attacks, it became readily apparent that the law enforcement community represented the front line and would play a significant role in the war on terrorism. Homeland security increasingly has become hometown security. Policing changed profoundly with that event in ways that will continue to shape the profession for years.

ILP does not replace the community involvement and problem-solving approaches in the community-policing model; it extends them to include research-based approaches, information and communications technology, and increased information sharing and accountability. Moreover, ILP encourages the use of criminal intelligence in support of collaborative, multijurisdictional approaches to crime prevention; and it emphasizes the role of analysis in tactical and strategic planning. ILP also includes attention to privacy and civil liberties. As a policing approach, ILP deftly integrates the exploitation of technology embodied in the professional-policing era, and the emphasis on community involvement implicit in community policing.

The proactive-policing model is based on directed, information-based patrol; rapid response supported by proactive, intelligence-based tactics, strategy, and policy. The proactive-policing era promises measureable results, including crime reduction; more efficient police agencies; and modern, innovative policing. Proactive policing already has been shown to enable doing more with less, while significantly improving policing outcomes through information-based tactics, strategy, and policy.

Слова к тексту 2:

1. to be noteworthy [ˊneutˏwə:ðɪ] - быть заслуживающим внимания

2. policing - осуществление правоохранительной деятельности

полицией

3. to emerge [ɪˊmə:ʤ] - появляться, выясняться, возникать

4. random patrol [ˊrændəm] - выбранный наугад, случайный маршрут патрулирования

5. rapid response [ˊræpɪd rɪsˊpɔns] - быстрое реагирование

6. reactive investigation - расследование по факту уже

совершившегося правонарушения

7. to increase detachment - усиливать отчужденность

8. community-policing - осуществление полицией правоохранитель ной деятельности в отдельно взятом районе

9. to address the underlying conditions - заниматься лежащими в основе обстоятельствами, условиями

10. to enable crime [ɪˊneɪbl] - делать возможным совершение

преступления

11. to foster crime - благоприятствовать совершению преступления

12. adherent [ədˊhɪərənt] - приверженец, сторонник

13. intelligence-led policing [ɪnˊtelɪʤəns] - правоохранительная деятельность, основанная на собранной оперативной информации

14. research-based approach [rɪˊsə:ʧ ˊbeɪzd əˊprəuʧ] - подход, основанный на исследованиях

15. accountability [əˏkauntəˊbɪlɪtɪ] - ответственность, подотчетность

16. collaborative [kəˏlæbəˊreɪtɪv] multijurisdictional approach - подход, основанный на сотрудничестве нескольких юрисдикций

17. civil liberties - гражданские свободы

18. deftly - искусно, ловко

19. to embody [ɪmˊbɔdɪ] - воплощать, осуществлять

20. implicit [ɪmˊplɪsɪt] - подразумеваемый, скрытый

21. proactive-policing - правоохранительная деятельность с упором на предотвращение правонарушений

22. intelligence-based - основанный на собранной оперативной

информации

23. measureable result [ˊmeʒərəbl] - оправдывающий надежды результат

24. crime reduction [rɪˊdʌkʃən] - сокращение уровня преступности

25. to improve policing outcomes [ˊautkʌm] - улучшать результаты работы полиции

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