Community Oriented Policing

The police are the public and the public are the police, or so Robert Peel wrote in outlining the principles of modern-day policing created by the passage of the Metropolitan London Police Act of 1829.

Although there is considerable variation in the meaning of community oriented policing, most definitions include notions of community partnerships and problem solving. It is a philosophy of policing rather than a specific operational strategy.

Community oriented policing works not alone, but in partnerships with families, schools, neighborhood and business associations and other organizations able and willing to be empowered to deal with the everyday problems of crime and disorder. It does not replace traditional or incident-based policing entirely. Rather it adds to the incident-based model the elements of problem solving and working with community groups in solving these problems.

Community oriented and problem oriented policing are most likely to form successful community partnerships under the following conditions. First, officers are assigned to neighborhoods long enough for them to become known by the community and long enough to become aware of its most pressing problems. Second, in order to become successful problem solvers, officers have to develop the capacity to analyze these problems and relate proposed solutions to available community concerns and resources. Third, officers must become aware of those situations where greater community involvement has the potential for significantly reducing the problem. Fourth, in developing greater community involvement, officers must work with those specific segments of the community in a position to assist in reducing or eliminating the problem.

Both community oriented and problem oriented policing are wed to the idea that police-citizen partnerships are fundamental to the increased production of public safety. In the mid-1980s it became apparent that police and community efforts at crime prevention were producing similar results; consequently, they could easily work together. In short, police crime prevention efforts could merge with community crime prevention efforts insofar as these partnerships increase the participation of individual citizens, small groups, and voluntary community organizations in activities designed to reduce crime, alleviate fear, and increase citizen satisfaction with the police

Partnerships come in many sizes and shapes. They may involve home owners associations, business groups, or small ad hoc community groups committed to single issues. They could be stable, large organizations focusing on many issues. They might involve a single block of residents experiencing high levels of burglary or an entire neighborhood facing abandoned or otherwise dilapidated housing and large amounts of debris on the streets accompanied by high crime rates, including the possession, purchase and/or selling of drugs. Whatever the partnership, there are hundreds of success stories of the police and the community working together to improve the quality of neighborhood life.

There are a number of barriers confronting the transition and acceptance of community oriented policing. Communities may not want to participate in creating their own public safety, viewing this as a police task. Local governments may also view community oriented policing as soft on crime. Their view might be that what is needed is more police on the streets, more arrests, stricter judicial sentencing, and longer prison terms where prisoners serve all of their sentenced time. From the perspective of police departments, two of the most vexing problems revolve around their call load (i.e., the number of calls a department receives for assistance) and gaining administrative and line officer acceptance of the organizational and behavioral changes accompanying the switch from incident-based to community-oriented policing. Resistance to changes within organizational life is to be expected. If this resistance is widespread and stubborn, it will greatly lengthen the amount of time required to bring about the change.

There are a myriad of other local political and community problems attending the implementation of community oriented strategies. If, however, a police departments is able to solve the call load problem, and if it can convince its own administrators and line officers that community oriented policing is a viable and effective means of doing police work, other organizational problems will become more amenable to changes.

Слова к тексту 3:

1. variation [ˏvɛərɪˊeɪʃən] - изменение, перемена

2. community oriented policing - осуществление полицией правоохранительной деятельности в отдельно взятом районе

3. operational strategy - стратегия оперативной деятельности

4. association [əˏsəusɪˊeɪʃən] - общество, ассоциация, союз

5. to be empowered [ɪmˊpauəd] - давать возможность, разрешать

6. to assign [əˊsaɪn] - закреплять

7. to become aware [əˊwɛə] - понимать, осознавать

8. capacity [kəˊpæsɪtɪ] - способность

9. to relate - устанавливать связь

10. involvement - вовлечение

11. to eliminate [ɪˊlɪmɪneɪt] - зд. решать

12. to be wed to the idea - быть убежденным

13. to become apparent [əˊpærənt] - становиться явным,

обнаруживаться

14. to merge [mə:ʤ] - сливаться, соединяться

15. insofar [ɪnsəuˊfa:] - поскольку

16. voluntary - добровольный

17. ad hoc [ædˊhɔk] - моментальный, созданный на месте

18. abandoned or dilapidated housing - брошенное или ветхое жилье

19. transition and acceptance - переход и одобрение, принятие

20. to serve all of the sentenced time - отбыть весь срок по приговору

21. a vexing problem [ˊveksɪŋ] - острая проблема

22. to revolve [rɪˊvɔlv] - вращаться

23. resistance [rɪˊzɪstəns] - сопротивление, противодействие

24. implementation [ˏɪmplɪmenˊteɪʃən] - осуществление, выполнение

25. viable [ˊvaɪəbl] - жизнеспособный

26. amenable [əˊmi:nəbl] - поддающийся

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